C.S. Lewis in World War II

CS Lewis at the RAF Chaplains’ School in Oxford in 1944 

Bruce R Johnson in The Telegraph explains "Why the Second World War was the making of CS Lewis" (excerpts):

Lewis understood [speaking to airmen] could give him repeated opportunities both to advance the Christian point of view and “bring encouragement to some lonely chaplain who had been finding the going hard”. But this opportunity was very different from his weekly routine of teaching English literature at Oxford. ....

Lewis spent the next four years travelling to RAF establishments throughout Britain. It was exhausting work, with months where Lewis was hardly home three consecutive nights. Yet he began to make a difference. The words of his 1943 Palm Sunday address at RAF Feltwell became the chapter “Making and Begetting” in Mere Christianity. The squadrons there were flying massive night bombing campaigns and experiencing staggering losses. Chaplain Stuart Barton Babbage said it was “into hell and back again”. Lewis used the experiences of these aircrews in his talk. He compared historic Christian doctrines to lines on the maps they used each night to guide them safely home. Religious experiences are far more exciting than dry doctrine, as walks along a beach are more pleasant than reading maps. But Lewis pointed out, “the map is going to be more use than walks on the beach if you want to get to America”.

That same evening, Lewis addressed smaller groups in the station chapel. To men facing death, Lewis was unusually frank about his own struggles (just as combat veterans can sometimes open up to one another). Lewis then transitioned to a description of Christ’s suffering on the cross. Padre Babbage remembered: “We were, once again, made aware of his extraordinary feeling for words, of his rare ability to use exactly the right word in the right place, and of the endless fertility of his imagination.” ....

While Lewis continued with these RAF addresses, he was also hosting evacuee children in his home near Oxford, the Kilns. They had been sent there by parents worried about German bombing. Different groups of evacuees (all teenage girls) continued to be rotated in and out of the Kilns throughout the war. Around the time that the first group arrived, Lewis decided to write a story about a picture he had carried in his head since his own teenage years. It was of a faun with an umbrella carrying packages through a snowy wood. The first paragraph of that story introduced four children sent away from the air raids of London to the countryside home of an old professor. Lewis did not know where the story could go from there, until he began having dreams about lions. Soon the Great Lion Aslan pulled the whole story together. It is significant that the fantasy which became The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was framed by the real-life battles between the RAF and the Luftwaffe. .... (more, probably behind a paywall)

Bruce R Johnson, "Why the Second World War was the making of CS Lewis," The Telegraph, Oct 11, 2026.

"Graft in our hearts the love of thy Name"

I once wrote that Alan Jacobs' students were very fortunate. At the end of this semester he is retiring from Baylor. He is teaching a course he calls “The Christian Renaissance of the Twentieth Century.” He writes "Of all the classes I’ve ever taught, it’s the one that’s closest to my heart."

In a recent class meeting, we were discussing some of Auden’s poems from the 1930s. Next month we’ll turn to his later poems, the ones that he wrote after his return to the Christian faith. But right now I’m having the students read his earlier work so we can see the ways in which his conscience began to trouble him and give him the gradually growing suspicion that there might be something more to the world than he had previously guessed. We saw how, as he grew closer and closer to Christian faith, the language of the Bible and of the Book of Common Prayer began to saturate his poems. When we got to “Atlantis,” a poem he wrote just as he was beginning to attend an Episcopal church in Brooklyn Heights, a short walk from where he lived, I called my students’ attention to this stanza:

Stagger onward rejoicing;
  And even then if, perhaps
Having actually got
  To the last col, you collapse
With all Atlantis shining
Below you yet you cannot
  Descend, you should still be proud
  Even to have been allowed
Just to peep at Atlantis
  In a poetic vision:
Give thanks and lie down in peace,
  Having seen your salvation.

I asked my students whether anything here reminded them of anything else. A couple of them immediately said, “That’s Moses! Looking down at the Promised Land, but he can’t enter it.” Yep. Then: “That ‘having seen your salvation,’ that’s from the Gospels, right? That old man …” Another voice: “Simeon!” General nodding. Moses and Simeon—what do they have in common? Why might Auden be thinking of them? Is he like them? Is this poem not about himself but about others? (It’s addressed to “You,” after all.) Much to discuss—once you can hear the echoes of the biblical stories. ....

How many American university students, in the Year of Our Lord 2026, are able to recognize the Christian allusions and quotations that poets like Auden expected their readers to be able to identify? Not many; not many at all, as a percentage of the overall population. ....

I am expecting to receive Jacobs' book about Dorothy L. Sayers this week.

Alan Jacobs, "Things They Carry," The Dispatch, Oct. 11, 2026.

Democracy and Tradition

A G.K. Chesterton quotation referred to this morning in an Alan Jacobs post:

Those who urge against tradition that men in the past were ignorant may go and urge it at the Carlton Club, along with the statement that voters in the slums are ignorant. It will not do for us. If we attach great importance to the opinion of ordinary men in great unanimity when we are dealing with daily matters, there is no reason why we should disregard it when we are dealing with history or fable. Tradition may be defined as an extension of the franchise. Tradition means giving votes to the most obscure of all classes, our ancestors. It is the democracy of the dead. Tradition refuses to submit to the small and arrogant oligarchy of those who merely happen to be walking about. All democrats object to men being disqualified by the accident of birth; tradition objects to their being disqualified by the accident of death. Democracy tells us not to neglect a good man's opinion, even if he is our groom; tradition asks us not to neglect a good man's opinion, even if he is our father. I, at any rate, cannot separate the two ideas of democracy and tradition; it seems evident to me that they are the same idea. We will have the dead at our councils. The ancient Greeks voted by stones; these shall vote by tombstones. It is all quite regular and official, for most tombstones, like most ballot papers, are marked with a cross.

I have first to say, therefore, that if I have had a bias, it was always a bias in favour of democracy, and therefore of tradition. ....

G.K. Chesterton, Orthodoxy, Chapter III: "The Suicide of Thought," 1908.

Old posts on this site

I've been blogging at One Eternal Day since I retired some twenty years ago. Every now and then one of my early efforts appears among the list of "Popular Posts" in the right-hand column. I assume that is because someone found it by doing a search and then shared the results. Unfortunately, often, the links on that decade or more old post are broken. If I notice, I will try to find a current URL that will restore the content, especially if that content has enduring interest. I just did that for the pdf link in the "We Glorify Thy Name" post. 

"And to this day, the group of Christians, named after this one, has not disappeared"

In the opinion section of The Wall Street Journal this morning, an account appears of one scholar's argument that Josephus' Antiquities may provide early evidence for Christian belief in the resurrection:

For a seminar paper, Mr. Schmidt examined the oldest non-Christian account of Jesus. It’s a small section in a much bigger work, but the passage is so famous that it has its own Latin name: “Testimonium Flavianum.” The big work is a history of the Jewish people, titled Antiquities. The author is the first-century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, often shortened to “Josephus.” Most scholars consider Josephus a reliable source of information about major events such as the fall of Jerusalem to the Romans and the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 A.D. as well as the siege of Masada a few years later.

The “Testimonium Flavianum” is a brief biography of Jesus. It says that Jesus was a teacher who performed miracles, died on a cross under Pontius Pilate and reappeared to his followers. The passage is only several sentences long, but scholars have devoted an incalculable number of words to it. Their most fundamental question is whether it’s real or fake. Presented with this Solomonic choice, most have chosen to split the difference. The consensus for many years has been that Josephus probably wrote several lines about Jesus but that later Christian scribes embellished them so that they agree with the claims of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.

“I thought the passage was probably doctored,” says Mr. Schmidt. “But as I read the manuscripts that have come down to us, I kept seeing something else.” ....

The original manuscript of the “Testimonium Flavianum” no longer exists, but the passage survives in various forms with small differences in five languages: Greek, Latin, Armenian, Arabic and Syriac. Mr. Schmidt examined them all, reading versions stored in academic databases and visiting the British Museum, the Vatican Library and even a monastery in the Egyptian desert.

A common argument against the authenticity of the “Testimonium Flavianum” is that it feels too Christian to have been written by a Jew. Through a statistical analysis of linguistic style, however, Mr. Schmidt determined that key words and phrases in the passage are consistent with how Josephus used them elsewhere in his writings.

Mr. Schmidt contends that the most common renderings of the “Testimonium Flavianum” need an update, based on what he has gleaned from rare manuscripts. Josephus didn’t declare of Jesus that “He was the Christ,” but made a more tentative statement: “He was thought to be the Christ.” Josephus didn’t call Jesus “a doer of miraculous deeds” but rather “a doer of incredible deeds” or “a doer of paranormal deeds,” in formulations that are less encumbered by the Christian sense of the word “miracle.” And Mr. Schmidt translates “he appeared to them alive again on the third day” as “on the third day it seemed to them that he was alive again.” This new way of reading Josephus offers a much more neutral account of Jesus—and one that feels like it could be the authentic voice of a first-century Jew committed to fair and balanced reporting.

Mr. Schmidt also considers sources. Josephus was born shortly after the Crucifixion, but he was in fact only two degrees separated from Jesus. He probably knew a variety of people who had encountered the celebrated Galilean, such as the brother-in-law of Caiaphas, the priest who presided over the trial of Jesus before the Sanhedrin. The parents of Josephus also seem to have been in Jerusalem at the time of the critical events. We may never know what they and others said about Jesus to Josephus, if anything, but it’s easy to imagine them discussing a figure who had caused such a stir.

The stakes are high, at least for scholars. If Mr. Schmidt is right, it may suggest that Christians held their basic ideas about the life of Jesus at an early date—and that their belief in the resurrection, for example, wasn’t based on a legend from decades later, as many scholars have maintained. “We must follow the evidence,” writes Mr. Schmidt in the final line of his book. “The ‘Testimonium Flavianum’ is authentic, and within it there resides a compelling witness to the origins of Christianity.” .... (more).

T.C. Schmidt, "Josephus and Jesus: New Evidence for the One Called Christ," Oxford University Press. (free download)

John J. Miller, "Unlocking the Josephus Code," The Wall Street Journal, Oct. 6, 2026.

"Only asking questions"

I have renamed this post since the original made little sense.

Sir Jacob Rees-Mogg is a former British MP and a Minister in the last Conservative government. He recently argued that Britain needs to be militarily prepared for further Russian aggression. Tucker Carlson, on his podcast, called him a "posh fool" who wanted to send kids to die in pointless conflict. Carlson, the actual fool, then invited Reese-Mogg on his show and proceeded to demonstrate that fact. From the exchange:

.... In the show, titled “Tucker Confronts Britain’s Most Pro-War Advocate”, the firebrand broadcaster also appeared to suggest that Britain’s involvement in [WWII] was unnecessary because Hitler had repeatedly claimed that he did not want to fight the UK.

Sir Jacob said: “You seem to be putting more trust in Hitler than I would. He said all sorts of things.”

Following a brief history lesson about Neville Chamberlain’s promise of “peace for our time” after his meeting with Hitler shortly before Nazi forces invaded Poland, Sir Jacob offered the American a little advice.

“I’m very surprised you’re verging on defending Hitler. I think this is not really what you want to be doing,” he said, explaining that it was essential that “we should learn from history”.

Carlson replied: “Yeah, I guess I’m just a secret Nazi. I’m actually not a secret Nazi...and hardly a public Nazi.”

Sir Jacob, 57, responded, “I’m reassured”, before explaining that, if the UK had not gone to war, “Germany would have invaded us”. ....

Carlson, 57, also suggested that the Second World War was still being “presented” by Britain as a “good thing” despite it having “destroyed” the empire.

Tucker Carlson asked Sir Jacob whether Britain had ‘benefited’ from taking on the Nazis.

“It was the classic good versus evil. We did the right thing,” Sir Jacob said, as he tried to explain the motivation behind going to war with a dictator who had invaded his neighbouring countries and exterminated millions of Jews.

But Carlson – apparently eager to understand “cause and effect” – wanted to know whether the UK had “benefited” from taking on Hitler.

Sir Jacob responded: “To have defeated Hitler? Yes.”

Carlson asked: “The UK is a better country now? It is a healthier country?”

Sir Jacob: “In other words, we would all be speaking German.”

The US broadcaster then said “Who cares?”, adding that “a lot of people in Britain” do not speak English, so if Germany had won, “at least a European language [would have been] spoken in your country”.

Carlson went on to suggest that “the beautiful country [of Britain]” had been “destroyed” and had “lost self-respect” after winning the war.

“I see no advantage in speaking German over any other language,” Sir Jacob explained. “We want to speak English, thank you so much. Our self-respect was greatly maintained by defeating the greatest evil the world has known.”

Carlson remained undeterred. He claimed that the British military victory had culminated in “foreign” troops being stationed on British soil.

Once again, Sir Jacob appeared surprised by Carlson’s assertion, pointing out that, as a member of NATO, the UK had agreed to host US bases during the Cold War because of fears of a Russian invasion.

Sir Jacob suggested that history showed that if an enemy thinks its adversary is “weak”, wars can start by accident.

“If you show that you are strong, then the invasion doesn’t happen,” he said. “If Hitler had thought we were strong, then Poland would not have been invaded.” ....

When Tucker's opinions are challenged, his frequent response has been that he "was only asking questions."

Steve Bird, "Rees-Mogg: Tucker Carlson ‘verging on defending Hitler’," The Telegraph, Oct 3, 2026.

An "insidious form of censorship"

As "Banned Book Week" approaches, FAIR (Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting) provides some tools to insure public libraries avoid bias:

Every October, Banned Books Week arrives with a familiar script: one side warns that censorship is sweeping the nation, and the other insists nobody is banning anything. Both camps dig in their heels, and the public walks away more confused than before.

This year, Banned Books Week runs October 4–10 and ends with Freedom to Read Day on October 10. FAIR believed this debate deserves better framing. We should ask not only which books are being removed, but which books never reached shelves at all.

When officials pull books from a public library because they dislike the ideas inside, intellectual freedom suffers. But a more insidious form of censorship often happens earlier, when the people choosing books decide certain perspectives simply don’t belong in libraries. As a result, a library can loudly celebrate Banned Books Week while stocking dozens of titles on one side of a contested issue and ignoring the others.

FAIR’s solution is simple: a neutral library that doesn’t tell patrons what to think, offers viewpoint diversity, applies its policies fairly, and trusts readers to decide for themselves. ....

"Banned Books Week: The Freedom to Read Needs a Neutral Library," FAIR, Oct. 2, 2026.

The human experience of combat

I have never served in the military and, consequently, have no personal visceral knowledge of the experience of, or cost to, those who have. My knowledge of war comes entirely from books, movies, and documentaries. I just came across, at Five Books, a military historian's recommendations of books he believes convey the experience of combat. I have read three of them, portions of a fourth, and have seen films and documentaries based on all but one. My sense is that the ones I've read are pretty accurate. One that I lent to a Korean War veteran, came back with lots of notations very much agreeing with its author. The historian making these choices is Iain MacGregor, author of Battle: The Moments that Transformed Warfare from Ancient Greece to Ukraine. He writes about his book:

What I discovered was, the more research I did—whether it was ancient history, medieval, Tudor, Napoleonic, World War Two—that while the tactics and technology have changed radically, the human dimension is always the same. It’s about human beings.

Whether it’s the commanders, or the line officers on the ground, or the soldiers, they’ve all got the same frailties you and I have got. It doesn’t matter whether they’re a Greek hoplite, a Tudor English sailor, or a Ukrainian soldier on the front line today, you’re still scared. It’s about how you react under pressure. If you’re a commander, it’s about the timing, about how you deal with sudden events.

That hasn’t changed ever, and writing this book over this whole timeline really confirmed that to me.

One of the books he recommends, The Face of Battle (1976), is one I've read, and is the book my Korean War veteran friend approved. I've posted about it before. From MacGregor's comments:

John Keegan’s The Face of Battle is arguably the most influential work of military history written in the last fifty years. It radically altered the next generation of published historians coming through.

Before Keegan—and I’ve read a lot of books that came out before—it was always about the great people, generally men of military history. You’re looking at warfare or the battle itself from the top down. You learn about the great strategist who might have won or lost the battle, but not what life was like on the front line for the ordinary person doing the fighting. That’s what Keegan brings to it. ....

It gives you an insider’s idea and appreciation of what they were facing. How ferocious was the fighting? Did the tactics work? Did they fail? Was the weather that big of a factor? Was the longbow that big a factor? He brings it to the page in the way that someone like Bernard Cornwell would do in fiction. He really brings it alive, and you want to find out what’s happened to this person he’s writing about, or that unit. That’s what I’ve always found captivating.

Another I've read is The Price of Glory (1962) by Alistair Horne. It's about the First World War battle of Verdun.

The Battle of Verdun was a ten-month-long ordeal in which France and Germany sacrificed hundreds of thousands of men for a few miles of devastated ground. It’s why the Battle of the Somme was necessary to the north, as we, the British, were trying to relieve the pressure on Verdun, which lay to the southeast of our own trenchlines. ....

Far from the fighting in Belgium, the sector had been relatively quiet, which was precisely why the Germans chose it. Their aim was not simply to seize ground, but to destroy France’s will to continue the war. As one German commander put it, they would ‘bleed France white’.

The battle opened on 21 February 1916 with one of the heaviest bombardments the world had yet seen. Around a million shells crashed onto French positions on the first day alone. For weeks the Germans seemed unstoppable. Fort after fort came under attack, French units were hurled into the line and shattered by artillery fire, and Verdun became an industrialised slaughterhouse on a scale scarcely imaginable. By the spring of 1916, it appeared possible that the Germans might break through altogether.

Yet Verdun produced the opposite result from the one Berlin expected. Instead of crushing French morale, it hardened it. ....

The other recommendations include a novel I know well, The Killer Angels (1974) by Michael Shaara, about Gettysburg, With the Old Breed by E.B. Sledge, a Marine veteran of the Pacific in World War II, and a book that is unfamiliar to me: A Soldier’s Song (1992) by Ken Lukowiak, a veteran of the Falklands War.

It seems a pretty good reading list. I am curious what combat veterans would think of them.

"The best books on Battles," Five Books, Sept 27, 2026.

Savoring the real beauties

Is reading a book more than once a waste of time? Not if it was worth reading the first time. From C.S. Lewis' essay "On Stories" (1947):

It is usual to speak in a playfully apologetic tone about one's adult enjoyment of what are called 'children's books'. I think the convention a silly one. No book is really worth reading at the age of ten which is not equally (and often far more) worth reading at the age of fifty--except, of course, books of information. The only imaginative works we ought to grow out of are those which it would have been better not to have read at all. A mature palate will probably not much care for crême de menthe: but it ought still to enjoy bread and butter and honey. ....

An unliterary man may be defined as one who reads books once only. There is hope for a man who has never read Malory or Boswell or Tristram Shandy or Shakespeare's Sonnets: but what can you do with a man who says he 'has read' them, meaning he has read them once, and thinks that this settles the matter? Yet I think the test has a special application to the matter in hand. For excitement....is just what must disappear from a second reading. You cannot, except at the first reading, be really curious about what happened. If you find that the reader of popular romance—however uneducated a reader, however bad the romances—goes back to his old favourites again and again, then you have pretty good evidence that they are to him a sort of poetry. ....

Not till the curiosity, the sheer narrative lust, has been given its sop and laid asleep, are we at leisure to savour the real beauties. Till then, it is like wasting great wine on a ravenous natural thirst which merely wants cold wetness. The children understand this well when they ask for the same story over and over again, and in the same words. They want to have again the 'surprise' of discovering that what seemed Little-Red-Riding-Hood's grandmother is really the wolf. It is better when you know it is coming: free from the shock of actual surprise you can attend better to the intrinsic surprisingness of the peripeteia ["a sudden or unexpected reversal of circumstances or situation especially in a literary work" Merriam-Webster]. ....

C.S. Lewis, "On Stories," Of Other Worlds, 1968.

“Every country gets the government that it deserves”

Many non-MAGA conservatives and Christians voted for Trump because he seemed the lesser of evils and promised to do things that they valued. But as his tenure approaches its end, a reassessment of the damage he has done is underway. Conservatives, and especially conservatives who are Christian, once valued good character when deciding who to support. R.R. Reno, the editor of First Things, someone I have thought was inclined to rationalize Trump's behavior:

The Trump family’s exploitation of every opportunity to enrich themselves demoralizes me, as I’m sure it does many readers. Don Jr. and Eric Trump are the Uday and Qusay Hussein of our unhappy times, harvesting great sums from investors who seem interested in influencing the White House. (Kevin Williamson made this observation back in 2016.) Earlier this year, it was revealed that powerful figures in Abu Dhabi and the United Arab Emirates invested $500 million in World Liberty Financial, the Trump family’s cryptocurrency venture. This is by no means the only infusion of large sums into Uday and Qusay’s enterprises. I find myself wondering if America’s Middle East foreign policy is for sale.

More than two centuries ago, the wry political thinker Joseph de Maistre quipped, “Every country gets the government that it deserves.” This dictum should inform our assessments of Donald Trump’s now decade-long dominance of American public life. We must consider his regular recourse to fabricated facts and his family’s misuse of public office along with actions we’ve supported in these pages, such as his judicial appointments, measures to encourage re-industrialization, and anti-DEI executive orders. The good and bad in this administration are difficult to untangle.

Perhaps all administrations are corrupt to some degree. But the present situation is unique in its blatant character....

“Everyone is doing it” is never a legitimate excuse for prevarication and misuse of office. And furthermore, everyone is not trading on his power and position to enrich himself. My point is that the rot runs deep. Repair will require leaders who value honor over wealth. (more)

R.R. Reno, "The Stench of Corruption," First Things, Sept. 25, 2026.

Counterfeit Aslan

Hardy surprised to read "...that members of [C.S. Lewis'] family are 'very upset' by Meryl Streep's casting as Aslan in Netflix's upcoming Narnia adaptation and are attempting to 'regain control' of the company that manages the literary and media rights to Lewis' works." Greta Gerwig was probably not the best choice to direct an adaptation of The Magician's Nephew:

Gerwig, who grew up as a Unitarian Universalist, has said she envisions her adaptation of The Magician's Nephew to be "a rock opera," claiming, "David Bowie saved my life. Paul McCartney saved my life. David Gilmour saved my life. Pete Townshend saved my life. Jimmy Page, Robert Plant. ... Narnia is literally a world made out of music. It is a world sung to life by Aslan."

In a 2018 interview, Gerwig said she feels "uncomfortable around 'Jesus Christ is my Lord and Savior stuff,' I find that creepy, but I go to church every Sunday." She claimed she would attend multiple services across different denominations on the same day, but noted she appreciates prayers to the Virgin Mary because "it feels like this 'God the Father' thing is a bit alienating for me."

Liel Leibovitz, at The Free Press, explains "Why You Should Care That Aslan Is a Woman":

To understand why, it helps to first know Aslan.

Read the series’ first novel, The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, and you’ll learn the following about everyone’s favorite leader of the pride: Sacrificing himself to save the sinful boy Edmund, he allows himself to be bound to a stone table and slain. Then—no spoiler, I hope, for a book published 76 years ago—he comes back from the dead because of the deeper magic he possesses, which he inherited from his father, Narnia’s supreme spiritual being, who is known only as Emperor-Beyond-the-Sea.

It doesn’t take a genius to figure out who Aslan is meant to emulate. Any fifth grader could point toward Jesus—which is precisely what a class full of actual fifth graders argued in a letter to Lewis in 1954. The author, however, wrote back right away, telling the children they had it dead wrong.

“I did not say to myself ‘Let us represent Jesus as He really is in our world by a Lion in Narnia,’ ” Lewis wrote from his office in Oxford Magdalen College. “I said ‘Let us suppose that there were a land like Narnia and that the Son of God, as He became a Man in our world, became a Lion there, and then imagine what would happen.’ If you think about it, you will see that it is quite a different thing.”

.... All the author did was project Christ into a different world, where, he told another correspondent, “He would really have been a physical object...as He was in Palestine and His death on the Stone Table would have been a physical event no less than His death on Calvary.” And if little boys and girls walked away from the books loving Aslan, then the faithful author would’ve achieved his goal....

Lewis, in fact, was so eager for his readers to understand this point that he had Aslan deliver it forcefully and clearly in the end of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, the fifth novel in the Narnia series. In one climactic moment, Aslan tells the children that he exists in their world, too. “But there,” he adds, “I have another name. You must learn to know me by that name. This was the very reason why you were brought to Narnia, that by knowing me here for a little, you may know me better there.” ....

I may yet, of course, be wrong. Gerwig’s Magician’s Nephew may reveal itself to be a faithful and respectful adaptation. But all signs point to the contrary. ....

[Gerwig]’s not merely telling us that the Ghostbusters now ought to be women because #girlpower. She’s taking the most beloved, prominent, and resonant bit of Christian storytelling created in the past 100 years and seemingly turning it into something not only radically different but anathema to the original. (more)

The illustration is Pauline Baynes' from The Last Battle, of the ape "Shift" with the donkey "Puzzle," who is wearing a lion suit: a "counterfeit Aslan"

Liel Leibovitz, "Why You Should Care That Aslan Is a Woman," The Free Press, Sept. 25, 2026.

Friends and rivals

When Tolkien's memorial is placed in the Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey next year, it will be near that of C.S. Lewis. "[H]e and Lewis will be, in death, within pipe-lighting distance of each other – at least in spirit." Philip Womack in The Telegraph:

.... Lewis and Tolkien bore many similarities: Lewis was also conservative and deeply Christian.

.... Both fought, and were scarred by, the First World War. They also both enjoyed smoking a good pipe.

Their rivalry took many forms, as they sized each other up from opposing sides of a bitterly fought war in the Oxford English department. Tolkien sprang from the unfashionable school of philology, and thought anything after Chaucer was too miminy-piminy to be the proper subject of a degree. This rankled with Lewis, whose works of literary criticism on Renaissance writings still stand strong today.

Tolkien saw his work as an act of “sub-creation”, inspired directly by God. His Middle Earth was built up from language itself, extrapolated into a unified whole. Its purpose was to resonate as mythic history for the English, filled with Anglo-Saxon echoes. Surprisingly, Middle Earth’s spiritual aspect is pre-Christian: no Christ figure walks alongside the hobbits, breathing strength into their steps.

Lewis, on the other hand, adopted a hodge-podge approach which, on the whole, Tolkien disliked. How, for example, can Father Christmas exist in Lewis’ Narnia, a mythical world of talking animals, when Christ did not visit it? Aslan the lion is the Narnian version of the Son of God, with different functions to Jesus (he appears, for example, at the Creation of the World.)

There’s also the mixed bag of fauns, hags, dryads and so forth, drawn from numerous sources. Even Bacchus pops up. ....

Their most powerful link, though, was their shared faith, manifested in particular in the idea of joy. In his writings, Tolkien was interested in what he termed “eucatastrophe”, or a “sudden joyous turn”, demonstrating the existence of God’s Providence. Lewis explored a similar idea of “joy” in his memoir, Surprised by Joy. Whenever Aslan appears in Narnia, characters become overwhelmed with the emotion. .... (more)

Philip Womack, "Tolkien and CS Lewis were the best of frenemies," The Telegraph, Sept. 24, 2026.

Willy Wonka in Narnia

Those of us who value The Narnia Chronicles have already read enough to be dubious about Netflix's upcoming 2027 version of The Magician's Nephew. It is entirely unnecessary to be a Christian believer to entertain that doubt. The production appears to have made many bad decisions, quite apart from messing with Aslan's gender. From The Telegraph, by someone obviously familiar with the books:

Uncle Andrew and Jadis

As anyone who has read the book will know, the Edwardian setting is crucial to its tone – self-consciously setting it before the First World War at a time England is still innocent and the horrors of the Somme have yet to rise out of some great hellish pit.

That prelapsarian quality is key to the story, which is essentially the origin tale of Professor Digory Kirke, the eccentric owner of the wardrobe which grants access to Narnia in later books. The Magician’s Nephew is in its essence a book set Before The Fall. At the start of the story, the wicked Jadis is trapped in suspended animation in a post-apocalyptic alternative dimension, Narnia has yet to be created by Aslan and Britain is looking forward to a century of peace. But then two children – Digory and his friend Polly – muddle around and everything changes utterly. Jadis is unleashed, evil is free and tranquility is shattered – literally so, when the future ruler of Narnia runs amok in London in scenes that have the quality of a steampunk Grand Theft Auto.

That is in contrast to The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, which unfolds against the background of the Blitz and where readers can infer that the children are quietly traumatised by the horror of war – one reason why they leap so readily into the great unknown of the wardrobe. But if you shunt The Magician’s Nephew forward to the post-war austerity of the 1950s, then that dynamic is changed utterly: the calm-before-the-storm aspect of the Edwardian period is missing.

If Jadis is the monster in this story, then the part of pathetic villain is played by Digory’s eccentric Uncle Andrew, a self-involved boffin who tricks Polly into disappearing into another dimension by having her touch a magic ring – then blackmails Digory into setting off to rescue her. The “Magician” in The Magician’s Nephew, as written by Lewis, has few redeeming features. Yet in Gerwig’s film he’s played by the charming Daniel Craig; judging by new images, he will be a lovable boffin, a sort of Willy Wonka of the Lewis-verse. .... (more)

Ed Power, "Netflix’s $280m ‘rock opera’ Narnia film is even madder than it sounds," The Telegraph, Sept. 20, 2026.

The Lord giveth and the Lord taketh away...Blessed be the name of the Lord

Patrick Kurp quoted a portion of a Samuel Johnson essay on his blog this morning. He linked to it, and I followed the link. Johnson himself suffered from many infirmities, both physical and vexatious:

So large a part of human life passes in a state contrary to our natural desires, that one of the principal topicks of moral instruction is the art of bearing calamities. And such is the certainty of evil, that it is the duty of every man to furnish his mind with those principles that may enable him to act under it with decency and propriety. ....

That life has many miseries, and that those miseries are, sometimes at least, equal to all the powers of fortitude, is now universally confessed; and therefore it is useful to consider not only how we may escape them, but by what means those which either the accidents of affairs, or the infirmities of nature, must bring upon us, may be mitigated and lightened, and how we may make those hours less wretched, which the condition of our present existence will not allow to be very happy. ....

The great remedy which heaven has put in our hands is patience, by which, though we cannot lessen the torments of the body, we can in a great measure preserve the peace of the mind, and shall suffer only the natural and genuine force of an evil, without heightening its acrimony, or prolonging its effects. ....

In those evils which are allotted to us by Providence, such as deformity, privation of any of the senses, or old age, it is always to be remembered, that impatience can have no present effect, but to deprive us of the consolations which our condition admits....

The chief security against the fruitless anguish of impatience, must arise from frequent reflection on the wisdom and goodness of the God of nature, in whose hands are riches and poverty, honour and disgrace, pleasure and pain, and life and death. A settled conviction of the tendency of every thing to our good, and of the possibility of turning miseries into happiness, by receiving them rightly, will incline us to bless the name of the Lord, whether he gives or takes away. (more)

Samuel Johnson, "No. 32. The vanity of stoicism. The necessity of patience," The Rambler, July, 1750.

Aslan

I've been reading and enjoying The Narnia Chronicles for a very long time. They are great children's books and, like all good children's literature, are enjoyed by adults. C.S. Lewis, who authored the Narnia books, once wrote: “I am almost inclined to set it up as a canon that a children’s story which is enjoyed only by children is a bad children’s story.” There is, of course, Christian allegory in the books, but I once suggested that to a class of 9^th graders, many of whom had grown up with the books, and was greeted with shocked denial. The books are enjoyed by kids whether or not the underlying Christian sensibility is recognized.

I have enjoyed some television and film adaptations of these books. I had been looking forward to the upcoming Netflix adaptations, but am increasingly skeptical. First, a minor objection is that they have chosen the wrong book to adapt first. The first story should be from the first book published, The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe. That is because reading (or watching) The Magician's Nephew first destroys the magic of LWW by, among other revelations, telling the reader who Aslan is. Nevertheless...

A more serious objection for me arose this week when I learned that Meryl Streep will voice Aslan. Aslan is male. He has a mane. Female lions do not, and I am very doubtful that the film will portray a lioness. Aslan has a mane:

"Are you ill, dear Aslan ?" asked Susan.

"No," said Aslan. "I am sad and lonely. Lay your hands on my mane so that I can feel you are there and let us walk like that." ....

“Stop!” said the Witch. “Let him first be shaved.”

Another roar of mean laughter went up from her followers as an ogre with a pair of shears came forward and squatted down by Aslan’s head. Snip-snip-snip went the shears and masses of curling gold began to fall to the ground. Then the ogre stood back and the children, watching from their hiding-place, could see the face of Aslan looking all small and different without its mane. The enemies also saw the difference. ....

“We have a long journey to go. You must ride on me.”

And he crouched down, and the children climbed onto his warm, golden back, and Susan sat first holding on tightly to his mane, and Lucy sat behind holding on tightly to Susan. And with a great heave he rose underneath them and then shot off, faster than any horse could go, downhill and into the thick of the forest. .... (from The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, emphasis added)

No doubt I will watch it when it comes, but I am increasingly apprehensive.

The picture is by Pauline Baynes, Narnia's original illustrator.

"Mercy" killing

Several countries, among them Belgium, the Netherlands, Canada, and now also some of the more "progressive" American states, have adopted "medically assisted suicide." But not, so far, Great Britain. "How Britain Escaped Assisted Suicide" explains some of the reasons, and they are good reasons:

In June 2025 Janet Daby, the Member of Parliament for Lewisham East, started having nightmares: terrible images of death and dying that disturbed her sleep and haunted her conscience. She didn’t need a psychotherapist to interpret them. That month she had joined 313 other MPs in voting through an assisted suicide bill. She was beginning to think she might have made the wrong choice, and the 291 MPs on the other side might have made the right one.

There was one conversation that added to Daby’s doubts: someone she knew who had HIV and AIDS, and who many years before, with a bleak prognosis, had wished for the swift exit of an assisted death; but who had since found the right drugs, and made a decent life for himself. The kind of person who might be swallowed up by a state suicide service before he or she had the chance to find help. That was the kind of person she had endangered with her vote. And now it was too late.

But the British constitution, like life, sometimes gives you a second chance. ....

A lot of people assumed that the Lords (who are appointed, not elected) would have to wave through a bill of such importance, given that elected representatives had approved it. The Lords themselves were less persuadable.

And as they examined the bill, over a long period in late 2025 and early 2026, they began to uncover the same kind of problems as Janet Daby. The Royal College of Psychiatrists pointed out, to a committee convened by the Lords, that if people were depressed, the state would help them kill themselves—without asking too many questions about what help they needed. Experts in coercion observed that if people were being psychologically terrorized by an abusive partner, the state would help them kill themselves. One organization after another pointed out that if people fell through the gaps in Britain’s rickety health and care system, the state would help them kill themselves. ....

What swung the result? Perhaps less one issue than a steady accumulation of doubts. Hospices and care homes might be closed or defunded—this was explicitly threatened by one of the main proponents of the bill. Disabled people would come under pressure. People would die because the health system had failed them. The high costs of care would provide a powerful incentive for death. .... (more)

Dan Hitchens, "How Britain Escaped Assisted Suicide," First Things, Sept. 11, 2026.

Baptists

As I followed links looking for something I eventually didn't find, I happened upon "Why I Am a Baptist" by Albert Mohler. Mohler is a Southern Baptist; in fact, the president of their largest seminary, but I found his description of what makes Baptists distinct completely unobjectionable (however argumentative we Baptists may be). Some excerpts from a much longer, but very readable article:

Every great movement probably begins in an argument of some sort, and the Baptists emerged in the context of an argument that was intense, significant, and sometimes deadly. Luther had started it. The Calvinists believed he had not taken it far enough. The English Puritans likewise became convinced that the moderately reforming Church of England was not taking the argument far enough. The Separatists (who would include Congregationalists and Presbyterians) believed that the Puritans who remained in the Church of England were not taking it far enough. The Baptists then separated from the Separatists because they were not taking it far enough. Since then, Baptists have not stopped arguing. They often argue among themselves, but more urgently, they argue for the necessity of conversion, for the believers’ church, for the baptism of believers alone, and for liberty of conscience.

The Baptists did not claim to have reestablished Christ’s church, but instead saw themselves as continuing the process of reforming the church through the establishment of true and godly congregations of visible saints—each entering into the covenant fellowship of the congregation by personal testimony of faith in Jesus Christ as Savior and personal commitment to obey Christ in baptism and faithful discipleship. ....

In 1646, Baptist churches in London defined saving faith in these terms:

Faith is the gift of God, wrought in the hearts of the elect by the Spirit of God; by which faith they come to know and believe the truth of the Scriptures, and the excellency of them above all other writings, and all things in the world, as they hold forth the glory of God in his attributes, the excellency of Christ in his nature and offices, and of the power and fulness of the Spirit in his workings and operations; and so are enabled to cast their souls upon this truth thus believed.

Such saving faith, the Baptists continued, “is ordinarily begotten by the preaching of the gospel, or word of Christ.” When you find real Baptists, you will find the preaching of the gospel—the declaration of the great good news that salvation and the forgiveness of sins are bestowed upon all who hear the word of Christ and believe, who rest from their labors to make themselves worthy of salvation and by grace through faith receive the mercy of God, by the merits of Christ alone. ....

The definition of Christ’s church as wholly regenerate is perhaps the most radical of all Baptist doctrines. The necessity of conversion leads to the affirmation of the church as the body of those who are converted, who have heard the gospel and been saved. Others among the Puritans and Separatists approached this affirmation, but the Baptists plowed right through the arguments, insisting there could be no other notion of Christ’s church than that it comprises the twice-born, regenerate believers in the Lord Jesus Christ, who have individually professed their belief in Christ and demonstrated their regeneration through obedience to Christ and his commands. ....

The rightly ordered church is a body of regenerate believers, gathered by common faith and common confession and a church covenant that defines the commitments of church membership. This rightly ordered church appoints the elders and pastors needed for its ministry and organizes its work on its own authority.

One of the most venerable of our Baptist church covenants explains:

As we trust we have been brought by divine grace to embrace the Lord Jesus Christ, and by the influence of his Spirit to give ourselves up to him, so we do now solemnly covenant with each other, that, God enabling us: we will walk together in brotherly love; that we will exercise a Christian care and watchfulness over each other, and faithfully warn, rebuke, and admonish one another, as the case shall require; that we will not forsake the assembling of ourselves together, nor omit the great duty of prayer, both for ourselves and for others; that we will participate in each other’s joys, and endeavor, with tenderness and sympathy, to bear each other’s burdens and sorrows; that we will earnestly endeavor to bring up such as may be under our care in the nurture and admonition of the Lord; that we will seek divine aid to enable us to walk circumspectly and watchfully in the world; denying ungodliness and every worldly lust; that we will strive together for the support of a faithful evangelical ministry among us; that we will endeavor by example and effort to win souls to Christ; and, through life, amidst evil report and good report seek to live to the glory of Him who hath called us out of darkness into his marvellous light.

As others have noted, the Baptists have not been ardent ecumenists. But they have always recognized that there are true Christians in other churches and communions. ....The practice of baptizing only those persons who personally profess faith in Christ became the defining issue for Baptists. Reading the New Testament, they concluded that infant baptism was no real baptism and that baptism, like the Lord’s Supper, was not a sacrament but an ordinance—an act commanded by Christ. The new believer, having given evidence of saving faith and a commitment to follow Christ, is baptized into the fellowship of the church, with the waters of baptism the context for the believer’s profession of faith. Baptism is also the ordinance of entry into the membership and fellowship of the congregation. .... (more)

R. Albert Mohler Jr., "Why I Am a Baptist," First Things, August 1, 2020.

The most oppressive tyranny

When "omnipotent moral busybodies" control power:

Of all tyrannies, a tyranny sincerely exercised for the good of its victims may be the most oppressive. It would be better to live under robber barons than under omnipotent moral busybodies. The robber baron's cruelty may sometimes sleep, his cupidity may at some point be satiated; but those who torment us for our own good will torment us without end for they do so with the approval of their own conscience. They may be more likely to go to Heaven yet at the same time likelier to make a Hell of earth. This very kindness stings with intolerable insult. To be "cured" against one's will and cured of states which we may not regard as disease is to be put on a level of those who have not yet reached the age of reason or those who never will; to be classed with infants, imbeciles, and domestic animals.

C.S. Lewis, "The Humanitarian Theory of Punishment," God in the Dock, Eerdmans, 1970.

"Angst, animosity, and contrarianism"

I'm old enough to remember November 22, 1963. September 11, 2001 was equally horrible, and a lot more people died. I read that 40% of the population has no memory of that day because they were not yet born. That means, among much else, they have no sense of the reaction—how unified the country felt in the immediate aftermath. We have lost that. Erick Erickson today:

We remember the unity that followed, too, but 25 years later, I wonder if we can admit the unity of late September 2001 was cheap. Everyone was frightened at the same time and grateful at the same time. Standing together when a building has just fallen on your neighbors requires no virtue at all. The unity worth something is the kind that survives disagreement, that holds when nothing is burning and we still can’t stand each other’s politics. We have always struggled with that one, and 25 years later we are further from it than we were on September 10th.

Unfortunately, we now have an algorithm in our lives and a class of people across party lines who make their living widening the gap between us because the algorithm rewards the clicks generated by angst, animosity, and contrarianism. You can find these malcontented souls driven by algorithmic profit in both parties, and inside every faction of both, and the only thing they reliably have in common is that peace between us would put them out of work. Every one of them is asking you to sort yourself into a smaller tribe, and then into a faction inside that tribe. ....

Erick Erickson, "Climbing the Stairs," Sept. 11, 2026.

Labor Day

On Labor Day, I return to Gene Edward Veith's post about "vocation" (the link to his blog post no longer works):

.... The word is simply the Latinate term for “calling.” Perhaps the best summation of the concept is in 1 Corinthians 7:17: “Only let each person lead the life that the Lord has assigned to him, and to which God has called him.”

God “assigns” different kinds and places of service for each Christian and then “calls” each Christian to that assignment. The Reformation theologians fleshed out this concept with other biblical teachings about God’s workings in society and the Christian’s life in the world (e.g., Ephesians 5:6, Romans 12:13).

The great theologian of vocation was Martin Luther, who developed the teaching in his battles with monasticism—the view that the spiritual life requires withdrawal from secular life—and in defining “the priesthood of all believers.”

For Luther, vocation, like justification, is ultimately God’s work. God gives us our daily bread through the vocations of the farmer, the miller, and the baker. God creates new human beings through the vocations of fathers and mothers. God protects us through lawful magistrates.

Vocation is, first of all, about how God works through human beings. In His providential care and governing of His creation, God chooses to distribute His gifts by means of ordinary people exercising their talents, which themselves are gifts of God.

Thus, God heals by means of doctors, nurses, and other medical vocations. He makes our lives easier by means of inventors, scientists, and engineers. He creates beauty by means of artists, authors, and musicians. He gives us clothing, shelter, and other things we need by means of factory workers, construction contractors, and others who work with their hands. He cleans up after us by means of janitors and garbage collectors.

God thus looms behind everyone who provides us with the goods or services that we need. In one of Luther’s many memorable lines, God milks the cows through the hands of the milkmaid. This means that all work and all workers deserve honor. Whereas the world might look down on milkmaids and garbage collectors, they actually bear the sacred presence of God, who works in and through them.

God created us to be dependent on others—meat processors, manufacturers, journalists, lawyers, bankers, teachers, parents—and, through them, we are ultimately dependent upon God Himself.

Just as God is working through the vocation of others to bless us, He is working through us to bless others. In our vocations, we work side-by-side with God, as it were, taking part in His ceaseless creative activity and laboring with Him as He providentially cares for His creation. ....